Dr. Conroy received her BA from Stanford University in 1993 and her MD from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1999. She went on to complete her internship and residency in primary care internal medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. In 2004, Dr. Conroy completed a two-year postdoctoral fellowship in general internal medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital; that same year she earned an MPH in clinical effectiveness from the Harvard School of Public Health.

In 2004, Dr. Conroy joined the University of Pittsburgh as an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (primary appointment), an assistant professor of epidemiology in the Graduate School of Public Health (secondary appointment), and a core faculty member of the Center for Research on Health Care (CRHC). She was appointed assistant professor of clinical and translational science in 2011 and assistant dean of medical student research in 2012.

In 2014, Dr. Conroy was promoted to associate professor of medicine in the Division of General Internal Medicine, associate professor of epidemiology in the Graduate School of Public Health, and associate professor of clinical and translational science in the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI). That same year, she was also named the medical director for UPMC electronic record evaluation. In July 2015, Dr. Conroy was appointed the director of the Clinical Scientist Training Program (CSTP) due to her ongoing dedication to clinical research education and mentoring and her ability to serve as a role model to medical students as a successful clinician researcher.

Dr. Conroy is a lecturer and instructor for several courses within the School of Medicine, the Graduate School of Public Health, and the Institute for Clinical Research Education, and she has won several awards for her teaching. Dr. Conroy has made significant contributions to the fields of epidemiology, physical activity, the translation of lifestyle interventions into primary care setting, and the use of electronic health records to promote chronic disease prevention and management.